Water challenges are specific.

Industrial process water

Reverse osmosis and related pretreatment may be considered where dissolved salts and feed-water variability affect a process.

Water reuse

Ultrafiltration and membrane bioreactor processes can support treatment trains for reuse, subject to feed and discharge requirements.

High-purity water

Electrodeionization can polish appropriately pretreated RO permeate. Feed limits and upstream process design are essential considerations.

Residential water

Residential RO elements require attention to local feed water, element dimensions and housing compatibility.